Rescue or Permitting Escape (s. 147) Charges in Canada: Offences, Defences, Punishments

What is a charge of Rescue of Permitting Escape?

Rescue or permitting escape is covered under section 147 of the Criminal Code of Canada. It occurs when a person knowingly aids, assists, or helps someone escape from lawful custody in Canada.

Examples

Some examples of a charge of Rescue of Permitting Escape may include the following:

• A person employed at a prison who wilfully permits someone to escape from lawful custody
• A person who provides assistance and enables someone to escape from custody who has just been arrested by the police
• A person who rescue’s someone from custody who has recently escaped and requires aid or assistance to further their evasive action.

Defences 

The defences available to a charge of Rescue or permitting escape are entirely dependent on the facts of your case.

However, some defences to a charge of Rescue or Permitting Escape may include:

• The accused was wrongly identified as the person who committed Rescue or Permitting Escape
• The accused did not intend to provide aid, assistance, or concealment to a person who escaped custody by providing food, shelter, or other goods
• The accused did not know the person they were providing aid or assistance to had escaped lawful custody.

Punishment

A charge of Rescue or permitting escape is an indictable offence, which entails a maximum punishment as follows: 

• Imprisonment for a term not exceeding five (5) years.

Overview of the Offence 

According to s. 147 of the Criminal Code:

The Guilty Act (Actus Reus)

The actus reus for a charge of Rescue or Permitting Escape under s. 147 is established by proof, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the following:

• The accused provided aid, assistance, or permitted the escape from a person in lawful custody

The Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)

The mens rea for a charge of Rescue or Permitting Escape under s. 147 includes proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that:  

• The accused knew the person they were permitting or providing assistance to was in custody and their actions would in fact assist their escape

Defences

How to Beat a Rescue or Permitting Escape Charge

Every case is different. The availability and strength of any defence depend entirely on the specific facts of your case. The strength of any available defence rests on the evidence against you and the precise details of the allegations. However, the following are some common defences that may be used when fighting a Rescue or Permitting Escape charge:

Factual innocence

A strong defence against a Rescue or Permitting Escape charge is to maintain that you are factually innocent. If you can show that the facts and the evidence do not support that you provided aid, assistance, or rescued a person who was in custody.

Lack of Intent/Mistake 

If you can show that you were never seeking to commit the offence of Rescue or Permitting Escape, and were merely providing charity in good faith without knowledge of the person’s circumstance who had recently escaped lawful custody, then this may be a defence. For you to be convicted of Rescue or Permitting Escape, the crown must prove that you had knowledge that your actions would result in furthering the escape or a person in lawful custody, or that you permitted it.

Identity

Depending on the circumstances of your case, a possible defence to a rescue or permitting escape charge may be to raise an identity defence. In this case, for this defence to be raised successfully, you will have to prove that you were not the person who committed the prohibited acts.

Any applicable Charter defences

The Charter sets out your rights and freedoms before and after your arrest. If the police fail to abide by these rights deliberately or inadvertently, it could aid in your defence. If any of your Charter rights have been violated before or after your arrest, you may be able to have some or all of the evidence that the Crown is relying on to secure a conviction excluded under s. 24(2) of the Charter.

Punishments

The Criminal Code provides for a possible maximum term of imprisonment of no more than 5 years for those convicted of a Rescue or Permitting Escape charge.

Frequently Asked Questions  

What does Rescue or Permitting Escape mean?

Rescue or Permitting Escape means to assist, facilitate, provide aid to, or permit a person who was in custody to escape from custody. It means to help someone escape or rescue someone who escaped.

Is Rescue or Permitting Escape an indictable offence?

Yes, Rescue or Permitting Escape is an indictable offence.

Can you go to jail for  Rescue or Permitting Escape?

If you are convicted of rescue or permitting escape, you can go to jail. A charge of rescue or permitting escape carries a maximum sentence of no more than 5 years. Therefore, there is a possibility that you can go to jail if convicted.

Published Decisions

 R v. Stutt 1979 CanLii 521 (BCCA)

The accused provided rescue and aided the escape of a person from lawful custody. During transport, a prisoner fled, and contacted the accused from a farmhouse. The person who escaped custody was taken in by the accused at her residence. The person who escaped was later located by police at the accused’s residence.

You can view the full case summary here.

R v. Harrer, 1998 CanLII 5396 (BC CA)

The accused was charged after assisting a prisoner escape in Vancouver, British Columbia. The person in custody was in Vancouver awaiting extradition to the United States. The accused later admitted to assisting the person escape from custody by providing escape tools.

You can view the full case summary here.

R v. Johnston and Keating, 1973 CanLII 1390 (BC CA)

The two accused’s drove to a prisoner in British Columbia, met, and planned to meet again in an abandoned garage nearby 8 hours later. The plan was kept, and the accused’s drove the prisoner to 100-mile hour British Columbia, travelling on back roads (which appears to be to avoid law enforcement detection).

You can view the full case summary here.

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