What is the Production of a Controlled Substance?

Production of a Controlled Substance is an offence under section 7 of the controlled drugs and substances act. For a plain-language overview, see our FAQ on what is drug production.

Examples

An example of the offence of Production of a Controlled Substance may include:

  • A person operates a clandestine lab out of the garage of a residence, where they mix various chemicals and ingredients in order to produce MDMA/ecstasy

Defences

A strong defence to a charge of production of a controlled substance will vary depending on the circumstances of what occurred. However, some defences may be:

We also cover common strategies in our guide to the best defences to a drug charge.

  • The accused did not know the criminal nature of the substance.
  • The accused did not intend to mislead, and the concealment was merely the result of a lack of information and was not intentional. This is closely related to an honest mistake, however, the available information may also play a factor.
  • The identity of the accused, or the date, time, or location in which the offence occurred was not properly established by the police.
  • There is a lack of material information which supports the allegation that the accused produced a controlled substance. This may include a lack of documented evidence, physical evidence, or witness testimony.
  • The Charter: if evidence was obtained through an unreasonable search or seizure, such evidence can be excluded. Again, it is advisable to discuss the evidence seized and the totality of the circumstances with a lawyer.

Punishment

The maximum penalty for a conviction under Section 7 of the CDSA is a term of imprisonment for life. However, this depends on the schedule of the controlled substance that is alleged to have been produced. Some schedules are straight indictable, others are a hybrid offence. For context, here’s the difference between indictable and summary offences.

Whether you intend to plead guilty to a charge under section 7 of the CDSA is important to consult a lawyer prior. There may be factors which apply to your punishment/sentencing which are relevant and important for consideration, which may result in a lesser punishment.

Overview of the Offence 

Production of a controlled substance is an offence under section 7 of the controlled drugs and substances act (CDSA).

7 (1) Except as authorized under the regulations, no person shall produce a substance included in Schedule I, II, III, IV or V.

(2) Every person who contravenes subsection (1)

(a) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule I or II, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for life;

(c) if the subject matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule III or V,

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding eighteen months; and

(d) where the subject-matter of the offence is a substance included in Schedule IV,

(i) is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or

(ii) is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year.

7.1 (1) No person shall possess, produce, sell, import or transport anything intending that it will be used

(a) to produce a controlled substance, unless the production of the controlled substance is lawfully authorized; or

(b) to traffic in a controlled substance.

The section defines the offence as the possession, production, or importation of chemicals, substances or ingredients, and that those substances, by manufacturing, synthesising, or using any means of altering the chemical or physical properties of the substance, were used to produce a scheduled substance that is controlled under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

In order for a person to be convicted of production of a controlled substance in criminal court, the crown is required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. The crown must also prove several elements of the offence. The presumption of innocence applies in that the accused is presumed innocent until convicted of the offence.

The Guilty Act (Actus Reus)

The actus reus for the offence of production of a controlled substances is established by proof, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the following:

  • The accused possess the materials and/or chemicals which are the required ingredients to produce the controlled substance

And;

  • Produced that substance, by manufacturing, synthesizing, or using any means of altering the chemical or physical properties of the substance

The Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)

The mens rea for production of a controlled substance is established by proof, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the following:

  • The accused knowingly and intentionally produced the substance, and;
  • Knew the production would result in the formation of the controlled substance

Defences

How to beat a charge of production of a controlled substance.

Each circumstance is different, and the best defence available is contextual based on the details. However, the following are some common defences that may be used against a charge of production of a controlled substance:

Proving the identity of the accused

There are several aspects to this defence, however, one may rely on whether there was evidence seized by the police, which directly implicates the accused. The accused’s identity, as well as the date, time, and location of the offence, are necessary for the crown to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. If a clandestine lab is located where a controlled substance is being produced, the crown must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused had ownership, control, or access to the laboratory.

Proving possession of the controlled substance produced

There are several aspects to this defence. The crown is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the had possession of the controlled substance produced. This requires proving that the person had knowledge of the controlled substance, consented to possession, and controlled it (knowledge, consent, and control).

Lack of Actus Reus

 The crown is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused’s actions contributed to the manufacturing and production of the controlled substance. Merely being caught in possession of the controlled substance is likely not sufficient for a conviction. Receipts proving that the accused purchased items which were seized and used as ingredients for production, as well as physical access to the laboratory, and surveillance photos taken by police or other means of confirming the accused had attended the laboratory where the controlled substance was produced are all factors of evidence.

Ensuring the evidence was obtained lawfully / Charter breaches

It is advisable to consult a lawyer in such circumstances, however, there may be circumstances where evidence was obtained from the accused person without their consent, and where they held a reasonable expectation of privacy. If this is the case, it is important to seek consultation from a lawyer to ensure that the accused’s rights under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms were not violated. If they were, there have been circumstances where the courts have deemed the evidence seized in this manner inadmissible.

Evidence, and how it was seized, although always important to examine diligently, is especially so in circumstances where a person is charged under the controlled substances act. Drug-related offences require the crown to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, possession of the controlled substance. In order to seize the controlled substance, this requires police enforcement to trigger section 8 of the Charter. If the police did not obtain a search warrant, or judicial authorization prior to seizing evidence, or the warrant is deemed unsatisfactory by a judge, this may result in a breach of section 8 of the charter. In addition, if information has been obtained from a laptop or cellular device that has been seized as evidence, it is important to determine the accused’s expectation of privacy in this context, and whether the police obtained warrants to search the devices, or were required to. There are remedies available under section 24 of the charter, which may include the exclusion of evidence or the charges to be stayed or dropped altogether

Punishments

The maximum penalty for a conviction under Section 7 of the CDSA is a term of imprisonment of up to 14 years.

Whether you intend to plead guilty to a charge under section 7 of the CDSA, it is important to consult a lawyer prior. There may be factors which apply to your punishment/sentencing which are relevant and important for consideration, which may result in a lesser punishment.

Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, under section 7 of the controlled drugs and substances act, it is an indictable offence for some drug schedules and a hybrid/dual offence for others.

Yes, the maximum penalty if convicted is life imprisonment for some schedules, and up to 14 years for others if deemed a hybrid offence. If you have been charged under section 7 of the CDSA, it is highly advisable that you seek consultation with a lawyer.

A consultation with a lawyer is strongly advised prior to answering any questions from the police. Clandestine labs in residential neighbourhoods may often be reported anonymously through channels such as Crimestoppers. However, if the police attend your residence and begin asking you questions, you are not afforded such protection of anonymity, and you are not required to speak to them or answer any questions. At Strategic Criminal DefenCe, a free consultation is offered through our contact information. Production of a controlled substance is viewed by the courts as a very serious offence, as stated above, it is a straight indictable offence.

Published Decisions

In this decision, the accused’s were found guilty of production of the controlled substance MDMA (commonly referred to as ecstasy), as well as associated charges of drug trafficking. This resulted in the police executing a warrant to search a private residence where the garage was used as a laboratory for producing the controlled substance. The police located and seized gallons of materials used for products to produce MDMA, receipts for the items used for ingredients, and confirmed the accused’s physical access to the laboratory.

You can read the full decision here.

The accused was convicted of several charges under the CDSA, including the production of MDMA/ ecstasy, the production of methamphetamine, as well as attempting to produce fentanyl. The police executed search warrants at the accused’s residence, where a clandestine lab was located in the garage and glassware, equipment, ingredients, and evidence which supported drug trafficking were subsequently seized by the police. The investigation began after reports of MDMA/ Ecstasy being trafficked for online, in conjunction with UPS packages for the accused stopped by Canadian Border Services which contained precursors/ingredients for methamphetamine.

You can read the full decision here.

The accused was convicted of production of MDMA/ Ecstasy, after a large-scale, ecstasy manufacturing operation was located by police at multiple locations, including a private residence and commercial location, and ingredients, notebooks containing drawings where he designed unique logos for different pills. The commercial location was where the clandestine laboratory was located, and police had surveillance of the accused at each location as evidence.

You can read the full decision here.